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The first Amendment: The 5 freedoms
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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
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The Second Amendment: The Right to bear arms.
” A well regulated militia”.
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
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The Third Amendment
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
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4th Amendment
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
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The 5th Amendment
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
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The 6th Amendment
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
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The 7th Amendment
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
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The 8th Amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
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The 9th Amendment
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
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The 10th amendment
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The 24th Amendment: No Poll Tax
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What does it say?
Nobody is required to pay a poll tax or other tax to vote.
WHEN?
Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964
Examples in History of the amendment being tested:
Harman v. Forssenius (1965)
“Virginia tried to avoid the 24th Amendment’’
“Voters had to either pay a poll tax or life a special certificate”
“Supreme Court ruled this unconstitutional”
“Any extra requirement violated the 24th Amendment”
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1996)
“Poll taxes were still used in state elections”
“Supreme Court ruled poll taxes unconstitutional in all elections”
“Based on the Equal Protection Clause “
Historical Context;
what was happening in US and World when the amendment was ratified. (1964)
United States
“The Civil Rights Movement was as its peak”
“African Americans were fighting voter suppression in Southern states”
“Literacy tests and poll taxes were used to limit Black voting”
“President John F. Kennedy and later Lyndon B Johnson supported voting rights”
“Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed the same year”
World
“The Cold War was ongoing”
“The US was competing with the Soviet Union for global influence”
“Many former colonies in Africa and Asia were gaining independence”
“The US wanted to present itself as a leader of democracy and human rights”